Why Everything Is So Expensive - Financial Expert Patrick Boyle Explains

In this Trigonometry episode, hosts Konstantin Kisin and Francis Foster interview Patrick Boyle, an Irish finance professor at King's College London and Queen Mary who previously ran a quantitative derivatives hedge fund for 20 years. Boyle breaks down why Britain's economy is struggling more severely than other developed nations and why standard economic remedies won't work. The most urgent revelation concerns the Iran war's closure of the Strait of Hormuz: Boyle warns that even if it reopens tomorrow, damaged oil infrastructure and wells could take a decade to restore to normal production levels, with fertilizer shortages already in the pipeline threatening food supplies in poor countries. On Britain specifically, Boyle attributes economic underperformance to a perfect storm of crises—the 2008 financial crisis, Ukraine war energy shocks, and now Iran—each hitting Britain harder than other nations. He identifies energy costs as the UK's core problem, with the most expensive industrial electricity in the developed world making manufacturing uncompetitive. Boyle systematically dismantles popular left-wing economic proposals, explaining why wealth taxes, rent control, and massive debt increases would backfire. He reveals that UK government debt has reached levels previously seen only during wartime, now exceeding 100% of GDP versus 20% in the 1740s. The conversation addresses the wage compression crisis where highly educated British workers earn only marginally more than minimum wage workers, leading to widespread middle-class anger. Boyle uses Hinkley Point C nuclear plant—set to be the world's most expensive after 7,000 regulatory modifications—as an example of how overregulation destroys productivity. He argues that Britain's housing crisis stems from viewing property as the only trustworthy investment, creating political incentives to restrict supply. The episode concludes with Boyle's bleak assessment that retirement benefits must be cut as the worker-to-retiree ratio collapses from 8:1 post-WWII to nearly 1:1, though he acknowledges no politician will voluntarily propose this.

• Boyle predicts damaged Iranian oil infrastructure could take a decade to restore even after the Strait of Hormuz reopens, with fertilizer shortages already in the pipeline threatening global food supplies.
• UK government debt has reached over 100% of GDP, levels previously seen only during wartime, compared to 20% in the 1740s when it was considered dangerously high.
• Hinkley Point C nuclear plant became the world's most expensive after regulators mandated 7,000 modifications to a proven French reactor design, exemplifying how overregulation destroys UK productivity.
• Britain has the developed world's most expensive industrial electricity prices while UK workers have 50% less capital than American workers, crippling productivity despite a highly educated workforce.
• UK educated workers face a wage compression crisis, earning only 10% more than minimum wage workers despite high student debt, while minimum wages are among the world's highest.
• Boyle warns wealth taxes and rent control would fail because wealthy individuals and capital are globally mobile, with intellectual property and software businesses easily relocated unlike historical manufacturing.
• The post-WWII social contract is collapsing as the worker-to-retiree ratio falls from 8:1 to nearly 1:1, meaning one worker's wages must now support one economically inactive person, making current pension commitments unsustainable.